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These new red "Safety Matches" were much welcomed as they presented fewer health risks than earlier matches and greatly minimized the risk of accidental fires. The earlier "Strike Anywhere" matches were made with poisonous white phosphorous and were very sensitive to friction,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], as the name suggests, with almost any surface.
Small tinder-boxes and tinder-pouches were made for carrying in the pocket. These were made from a variety of materials,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], the tip of a bull's horn being often used in England, while in India the hollowed-out tooth of a crocodile was favoured.

The new match, the Congreve as it was called, quickly ousted all other matches from the market and was used almost exclusively for many years.
Bell started producing the new phosphorus match that had been invented a young Frenchman named Charles Sauria. The head of the match was made of a mixture of sulphur, chlorate of potash,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych],

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, sulphide of antimony and phosphorus and had the great advantage that it would strike on anything hard.

S.J. Moreland & Sons Ltd of Gloucester produce millions of matches every week. In 1850 these Works were founded by Samuel John Moreland. He did not rely solely on matches, however,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], as he did a large amount of joinery work, and also was well-known for his blind-laths.

As various manufacturers entered the business, and competition grew, the cardboard matchboxes began to flaunt highly coloured and greatly varied labels, one unforeseen result was that a new hobby was born, the matchbox collectors - phillumenists as they are called - now enjoy a hobby older than stamp collecting.
The safety matches could only ignite if struck on the prepared surface made of non-poisonous "red" or "amorphos" phosphorous that was painted on the side of the matchbox. The famous "Redheads" logo was created in 1946 and soon she assumed a personality of her own. She then proceeded to carve out a place for herself at the forefront of Australian awareness.

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Another style of protector. This was to protect a packet of cigarettes.
In 1828 the instantaneous light was improved on by Samuel Jones, a chemist of London. He invented what he called the Promethean Match. This consisted of a tiny glass vessel, which had a minute portion of sulphuric acid inside, which was enclosed in a small quantity of chlorate of potash, the whole being sealed up in the end of a paper spill. When the head was crushed between the jaws of a small pair of pliers, which was sold with every box, the liberated acid immediately caused the potash to ignite.
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Both sides of a match safe belonging to a Digger in the 5th Pioneer Battalion
The fact that matches have to be placed, immediately they are made, into a bonded warehouse, may sound surprising, for there certainly seems no connection between such a weighty process of the law and that most humble of all common everyday articles - a match. The reason is that the Match Tax was instituted in 1916, and the collection of tax has been the responsibility of H.M. Customs and Excise ever since.
It was in 1855 that Eduard Lundstrom produced the "safety" match, which he did by incorporating phosphorus in the rubbing surface on the side of the box.

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In 1830 Samuel Jones, the inventor of the Promethean Match, put his "Lucifers" onthe market. These were an exact copy of Walker's friction lights, but he sold them in cardboard boxes very similar in shape and size to the matchboxes of today.

John Walker, a chemist from Stockton-on-Tees, invented his "Friction Lights" in 1826, but although his friends urged him to do so, he refused to patent them on grounds that the idea was not sufficiently important. They were sold in round tin containers for 1/2d. per hundred. The earliest lights had cardboard stems, but he quickly improved them by using slivers instead. They were ignited by placing the head of the light between a folded piece of sandpaper, then sharply withdrawing it.
This is a slightly more elaborate "match safe", made of metal and with an enameled Rising Sun Badge attached. Below. Other variations of the same idea.

It is obvious however, that with the millions of matches that are now used every week, the old fashioned method of making them by hand has long since vanished.
3 version of the famous Zippo lighter, an American brand that came to prominence with Australian Units at the time of the Viet Nam War

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Digger History: an unofficial history of the Australian & New Zealand Armed Forces
The name Redheads was derived from the red striking head of the "Safety Match". Introduced to Australia when Bryant & May started manufacturing matches.
Almost immediately a near neighbour of Walker's, another chemist, G.F.Watts, brought out exactly the same match but called it Watt's Chlorate Match. These were sold for 6d. a hundred.

Vietnam era "Zippo" cigarette lighter
RAAF table cigarette lighter
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Tobacco was packed in small airtight tins such as the ones shown here.
The Third Light Superstition

In the far off dawn of civilization primitive man found out how to make fire by rubbing two pieces of wood together. This was a long and laborious process and explains why fires, once lit, were carefully tended so that they should not go out.
As a means of protecting the box soldiers took to using "match safes" which were metal and allowed the matchbox to be slipped into it. Soon they were available with fancy designs and pictures on them. Front of a WW1 match safe Rear of a WW1 match safe
The image far left is when the case was closed. The image on the right is when it is opened.

WARNING. Smoking is a health hazard. It has been linked to lung cancer, heart disease and other life threatening problems. This page does NOT support or encourage smoking or the use of tobacco products. It is merely an account of historical facts. Many soldiers smoked pipes or roll you own cigarettes. A few, not many, chewed tobacco or put some in the mouth between cheek and teeth.

It is an extremely odd fact, but nevertheless a true one, that it was very soon after this that the pocket lighter came into existence. The Japanese, when they eventually came into possession of a European tinder-pistol, copies the action on a very tiny scale and enclosed it in a small container not much larger than a walnut shell.
Cigarette lighter circa 1935
Cigarettes were a normal part of life during both World Wars and there was no attempt made to limit or stop soldiers from smoking. In many cases it was actually encouraged.
Two years later, in 1832 Richard Bell established the first British match factory in London. Bell's matches are still produced today, but the original firm has since been incorporated in Bryant & May's firm.
The story of the match

Cigarettes

When man acquired the art of smelting iron, some 3,000 years ago, the flint and steel method of making fire was used instead of the sticks. A hard flinty stone was used to strike sparks from a piece of steel, and the sparks, falling on a piece of tinder, which was usually a piece of charred rag,

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, caused it to smoulder. The actual fire was then obtained by the aid of a splinter of wood or a piece of straw, the end of which had been dipped in melted sulphur.

It was not until 1810 that anything resembling the match, as we know it today was introduced. This was the "instantaneous Light Box" which came from France. It consisted of a box containing a tiny bottle of sulphuric acid and some matches, the heads of which had been dipped in a compound of chlorate of potash and sulphide of antimony. The head of the match was dipped into the acid and when it was withdrawn it burst into flame. This form of instantaneous light became very popular and remained in use for about 25 years.
Match box holders,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], called "Matchsafes"
The fuzee was intended solely to light pipes and cigars out of doors. It was composed of a thick piece of cardboard,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], some 5 inches long by 1.1/2 inches wide,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], steeped in nitre and then incompletely cut, as in the manner of book matches today, into twelve strips. The head of each strip was dipped in a phosphoric compound. When required for use, the match was torn off and ignited when it was slowly smoulder and could not be blown out by the wind.
In 1832 two further types of matches were invented, the Fuzee and the Wax Vesta.

The wax vesta was made like a small wax taper and was exactly like the wax vestas of today, although very few of them are now produced,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], having been almost entirely superseded by the wood vestas.
There is a superstition in the Army about lighting 3 cigarettes from one match (or 1 one burning of a cigarette lighter)
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Many people (myself included) will still not light 3 cigarettes from 1 match or 1 burn of a lighter, even though the risk of being sniped by a German marksman has reduced considerably since 1918.
As time went on, matches became more and more popular and so he gradually turned his whole attention to their manufacture. Since that time the "England's Glory" Match Works provided employment for a great number of men and women in the City of Gloucester.

New Zealand box of matches

A WW2 match safe

As Walker had not patented his friction lights it meant that anyone could make them, and that is what soon happened..
It was during the 17th century that the tinder-pistol was introduced. When the trigger was pulled the resultant spark ignited a few grains of gunpowder which, in turn, ignited the tinder. The earliest tinder-pistols were made of iron, but later some exquisite examples of workmanship were made in iron and brass. Smaller pocket models were also made.
In WW1 there were almost no cigarette lighters available. Even in WW2 they were unusual. Matches were the normal way of creating fire. The wooden "safety" match that we know today was not in common use. Matches were made from wax and came in tins as shown above. Red Cross was 1 organisation that tried to overcome the problem by supplying cheap simple cigarette lighters to the troops. They were very simple. A container for fuel, a thumb operated flint wheel to provide a spark and a cotton wick to provide the flame. A removable top completed the package.

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Smoking,

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, pipes, cigarettes and matches

Most images courtesy of CW4 Herbert H Booker 2nd Early model cigarette lighters were built on the metal match concept. A metal rod sat inside the container of fuel and absorbed some of it. When fire was required the "match" was removed and lit by striking. This kept the flame well away from the fuel reservoir. AIRMAN Brand superfine Virginia cigarette tobacco by John Player & Sons.

The government of the day was anxious to encourage secondary industry and pledged tariff protection of local manufacturers.

The opening of Bryant & May's first Australian match factory on 15th December 1909 at Church Street, Richmond, Victoria was heralded by the first Commonwealth government of newly-federated Australia.
It is still considered "bad luck" to do so.
Next came the tinder-box. It was made of wood,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], horn or metal, the most usual being in the shape of a round tin. The tinder-box served a dual purpose: it kept the steel,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], flint, tinder and matches together and, more important, kept the tinder dry.
Matches came in cardboard and/or thin timber boxes that were prone to being crushed in the pocket of an active soldier.
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That started in WW1 where the theory was that enemy snipers were drawn, at night time, to the flash of light of striking a match and lighting of the first cigarette, lighting the second cigarette allowed the sniper to get set and if a third was lit it gave time for the sniper to aim and to shoot.